Bereavement And Pastoral Counseling The Loss Of A Loved...

BEREAVEMENT AND PASTORAL COUNSELING The loss of a loved one through death is one of the most difficult situations that people must cope with. People need the support of others during their time of bereavement. Because of this, pastoral counseling plays a vital role in helping people overcome feelings of grief. It is important for pastoral counselors to be able to provide consolation and hope to those who are undergoing the process of bereavement. Death is a natural part of life because everyone eventually dies. As such, mourning is also a natural part of life. As stated in the Old Testament of the Bible, there is â€Å"a time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance† (Ecclesiastes 3:4, NRSV). Even Jesus Christ was known to express grief from time to time. For example, at the tomb of Lazarus (before raising him from death), Jesus is shown weeping alongside the other people gathered there (John 11:35). In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus said to his followers: â€Å"blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted† (Matthew 5:4). Despite these words of comfort in the Bible, grief is an extremely difficult thing for people to endure. The feelings of loss that come with grief are often compounded by other emotions such as guilt, denial, shock, fear, confusion, helplessness, depression, or anger. Grief is especially traumatic when the mourner had a close relationship with the de ceased. It is also especially difficult to cope with when the deathShow MoreRelated Grief Counseling Essay3179 Words   |  13 PagesGrief counseling is a division of social work that involves the interpersonal aspect of the social worker’s role as expert in coping with death. In this paper I will define grief counseling and some ways to cope with loss. Next I will discuss the history and seven stages of grief. There are two main forms of grievers which are intuitive and instrumental. In addition there are four major types of grief which are acute, anticipatory, sudden and complicated. The helping process is explained as wellRead MoreHealthy Grief Essay2372 Words   |  10 Pagesmay come into people’s lives. Losing loved ones by disease, accident, natural disaster, or experiencing personal trauma is very painful. The emotional, physical, and spiritual reaction in response to these tragedies is known as grief or grieving. Grief is a natural reaction to loss and at ti mes can be a very strong and overwhelming emotion. In this paper the writer will define and describe the model of grieving by the psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. Through the Biblical Story of Job, the writerRead MoreAfrican-American Cultural Beliefs Essay2402 Words   |  10 Pageshow physical distress is viewed. American culture often wants to minimize the distress and discomfort felt as a way of coping. However, some cultures may ignore the natural desire to minimize discomfort (Corr, 2009). The African-American culture is one such culture. African-Americans who are making end of life decisions often consider suffering to be honorable. Depending on their religious beliefs, suffering may be a way of identifying within their faith. To this end it is common for African-AmericansRead MoreHospice Care2199 Words   |  9 Pagesthings that are guaranteed in life are birth and death. It seems that every time I tell my husband that his drinking habits are going to be the death of h im one day. He always responds by saying â€Å"We’ve all got to day someday in one way or another, so why not enjoy life while you have it†. But in some cases the choices that we make will often determine whether we live to see the age of 90 verses just the age of 40 or 50. Nevertheless, whether it is death by a life full of bad choice, by accident, orRead MoreConcept Analysis on Spirituality Essays3140 Words   |  13 Pagesassessment†. Spirituality is an important concept in the health science. Many individuals are dissatisfied with medical treatment. In times of life threatening illness such as AIDS, Cancer, heart conditions individuals may experience frustration, anger and loss of hope. In order to meet the demand of illness many individuals used different coping strategies such as meditation, prayer and other spiritual practices.. Aims or Purposes Spirituality is an abstract concept and has many definitions because ofRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey (later known as Frederick Douglass) was born a slave in Talbot County, Maryland around the year 1818. He was an African American reformer, writer, and orator. Douglass was one of the few noteworthy heroes who arose from the evils of slavery and impacted the United States and the world in significant ways. After escaping from slavery, he became known for his astounding oratory skills and remarkable antislavery writing. He became an important leader of the abolitionist movement. Northerners found it hard to believe that such an incredible orator had once been a slave. To verify this, Douglass described the events of his life as a slave and his ambition to be a free man in Narrative of the Life of†¦show more content†¦In his narrative, Douglass highly criticizes the hypocritical slave owners who claim to be Christians. He believes a man cannot be both a Christian and a slave owner. He states that religious slave owners are harsher than the o nes who aren’t religious. Thomas Auld’s brutality increases after he becomes a â€Å"religious† man. His dedication increases his confidence in his â€Å"God-given† right to own and abuse slaves. Douglass clarifies in the appendix of the narrative that he was against religious hypocrisy, and not religion itself, for Douglass himself was a very religious man. As a slave, Douglass recognized literacy as an important attribute of a free man. Although his teaching sessions with Sophia Auld had concluded, the little that he learned from her served as the foundation for his future literacy. While living with the Aulds in Baltimore, Douglass encountered whites against slavery for the first time in his life. As a child, he would sometimes bribe poor white boys into teaching him how to read and write in exchange for bread. At age twelve, he obtained a copy of the Columbian Orator, a collection of political essays, poems, and dialogues used in American schools to teach reading, writing, and speaking, which formed the root for his later talents as a public lecturer. Once taken back to his original Maryland plantation, he risked severe punishment and began to assist his fellow slaves to read by operating anShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered â€Å"property† of their slaveholders and had no control over their own life. They were victims of psychological and physical brutal treatment. This story represents confinement, slavery and the lack of power African people had in such a racist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† sim ply addresses that white society was causing negative effects to itself andRead MoreNarrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experiences of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christi an texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show the Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Book Report The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Douglass himself, giving a detailed description of the slaveholders cruelty. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and he makes known that he does not know his specific birthdate, â€Å"... no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.† (47), but it was approximately around 1818. Once being enslaved, and then escaping in 1838 he became known as an eloquent speaker for abolitionists, being able to deliver passionate speeches about the role of a slaveholder and their relationship to their slaves, especially since he was one of them. Douglass even discovered the true meaning of the songs sung by enslaved people, â€Å" I did not, when a slave, understand the deep meaning of those rude and apparently incoherent songs, I was myself within the circle; so that I neither saw nor heard as those withou t might see and hear.† (27). The book is not an easy read for those who believe in equal rights, as Douglass put into painful words the description of brutal whippings, signs of no mercy, and people being taken advantage of because if they had shown mercy they believed they would have lost their dignity. A major theme of the book is how effective the use keeping ignorance, creates delusions. Slaveholders withheld information from their slaves to maintain authority and order. Referring back to Douglass neverShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experiences of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass Essay The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass In reading The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, I, like others, found myself to be deeply moved. The way in which Mr. Douglass walked me through each stage of his â€Å"career† as a slave gave me a better understanding of the African American slaves’ struggle. I realized in reading this mans story that he was a gifted individual and I pondered over where his strength came from? It is true and obvious that Mr. Frederick Douglass was an extremely gifted man, but with no mother or father to guide him, what motivated this man to accomplish his goal? For this man did indeed become free. I believe that it was a combination of Douglass’s personal traits: his observation, faith†¦show more content†¦If he were to block these memories out he would not be true to himself. â€Å"I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and incur my own abhorrence† (273). He uses these memories of his past, of truth, as motivation to become a free man, to escape the making of future dehumanizing memories. He believes in truth, that the truth will set him free from this pain; it will speak for itself. One example is when he read the book The Columbian Orator, it opened up the power of truth. â€Å"The moral which I gained from the dialogue was the power of truth over the conscience of even a slaveholder† (278). He then establishes a hope that the power of truth (his memories) will help emancipate the slaves. For these events influence and inspire his future as a pre-eminent crusader against s lavery as a speaker and writer. â€Å"From my earliest recollection, I date the entertainment of a deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within its foul embrace; and in the darkest hours of my career in slavery, this living word of faith and the spirit of hope departed not from me, but remained like ministering angels to cheer me through the gloom† (273). As seen in this quote, Douglass was very assertive. He was a man that believed so strongly in something that he would stop at nothing until it was completed. In this quote you can see that even Douglass knew that he had to cheer himself through his gloom, no oneShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential me ans of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Internet a Blessing or a Curse free essay sample

Birthday messages for someone special I Happy Birthday to the most special person in my life! May the most you wish for be the least you get. Hope you have a birthday thats as special as you are! Are you ready to party?! You are such a special blessing to me and I wish you a wonderful Birthday filled with love, Joy and all good things you enjoy most! Only special people receive birthday messages from me. And you are that special one! Wishing you Joy and love all year through! Birthday Is always special because it helps you to see how far you have come and how far you still have to go. I wish you Happy Birthday from the bottom of my heart!Happy Birthday! I promise to make this day as special as you are to me and I promise to make your year even more special! On your Birthday, there are so many people who are thinking about you. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet: a Blessing or a Curse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But none of them can love you the way I do! Wishing you all the best today and throughout the coming year! May the sun shine all year long, Everything go right and nothing wrong, May your beloved bring love back to you, And may all the dreams you dream come true! I hope your Birthday Is awesome, wonderful, full of love and laughter Just like you! You are known for always giving of yourself. It makes you even more special. May our Birthday be blessed with everything God wants to give you! Your birthdays are so special! Its a perfect time to tell you how happy I am to have you as my friend! Thank you for being a special friend to me totally funny, totally crazy (like me) and totally caring. Wear the brightest smile of yours and lets get birthday party started! May your birthday be as special as you are special to me in every way! Of the lucky few! May beauty and happiness surround you today and beyond. Im sending you these birthday wishes Filled with hugs and lovely kisses I hope a special friend today Will have an extra special day!Lets celebrate all the wonderful things that make you so special -? not Just on your special day, but on every day of the year! You are a super special person to me and I hope you have lots and lots of birthday fun! Happy Birthday to a special friend who means so many different things to me! May you have glowing year ahead. You are my No 1! I am so thankful for everything y ou have been in my life. May your Birthday shines with all of the colors you dream of! I Birthday wishes for friend I Youre such a special friend! Its a pleasure to remember you anytime, especially on your birthday. Have a Great day ahead!The perfect recipe for your year ahead should be 20 percent love mixed with 30 percent luck. Add on top 20 percent courage and garnish it with 30 percent health. Say cheers to life and have a Happy Birthday! Special friends are a rare find, but am I glad that you are one of mine! Happy Birthday to a friend Ill never forget! My friend, its time to pop the champagne, make some noise, dish out some food, throw some confetti and burst some balloons. Celebrate your Birthday, you deserve the best! Wishing my friend a beautiful day Hopes and dreams Im sending your way May all be good and all come true On this very special day for you!Enjoy the music as your friends chant the lovely Happy Birthday song! Make the most of your big day today! Today is a perfect day to tell you that you are a wonderful friend. Happy Birthday! Happy Birthday to you! I wish that your life blossoms into many of your most cherished desires come true. It is your birthday, you are more than allowed to act like crazy! Its time you showed the mettle youre really made of! On your Birthday, I wish you to have the courage to live at least one more dream, fulfill one more wish and make one more persons life beautiful. Do you know why I never need to ask for any blessings from God?Thats because He has given me friends like you! Happy Birthday to you dear friend. I have three wishes for you on your birthday. First, I wish that this Birthday teaches you something new and beautiful. Second, I wish that you have a day that youll remember forever with a smile. And third, I wish that such days keep coming in every single day. On your Birthday, my friend, lets promise to make this year even more fun! You are such a special friend, Who deserves a special day, For being who you are and Bringing Joy in every way. You make me smile and laugh, with everything you do, So today I get to sendA special Birthday wish to you! Finding a great friend is like looking for a four leaf clover. But I did get lucky! Happy Beady! May beauty and happiness surround you today and beyond. Ive made all arrangements for someone to drive us home. Do you know why? Because we are going to celebrate and have a party for your Birthday! Am I the first one to wish you Happy Birthday today? NO? The second one? No? Doesnt matter, in my mind I was the first one who thought of you at midnight on your special day 🙂 I wish that for every extra candle on your cake, you receive an extra reason to smile. Happy Birthday to you!

Palestrina Essays - Renaissance Music, Counter-Reformation

Palestrina Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina The greatest composer of liturgical music of all time, born at Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) in 1514 or 1515, according to Baini, Riemann, and others, according to Haberl, in 1526; died at Rome, 2 February, 1594. His early history is practically unknown. Giusseppi Ottavia Pittoni (1657-1743), in notizie dei maestri di cappella si di Rome che altramontani, 1600-1700, a manuscript in the Vatican, relates that young Pierluigi sang in the streets of Rome while offering for sale the products of his parents farm and that he was heard on such an occasion by the choirmaster of Santa Maria Maggiore, who, impressed by the boy's beautiful voice and pronounced musical talent, educated him musically. As to the identity of the choirmaster, tradition gives no clue. Some hold that Palestrina was taught by Jacques Arcadelt (1514-60), choirmaster and composer in Rome from 1539 to 1549. The opinion, so long held, that Claude Goudimel (1505-72) was his principal teacher has now been definitively abando ned. As far as is known, he began his active musical life as organist and choirmaster in his native city in 1544; his reputation increasing, in 1551 he was called to Rome, entrusted with the direction and musical formation of the choirboys at St. Peter's, and within the same year was advanced to the post of choirmaster. In 1554, he dedicated to Julius III (1549-55) his first compositions, a volume of masses for four voices, and was rewarded with the appointment as a member of the papal chapel in contravention of the rules governing that body. The pope had set aside the rule requiring those who held membership in the papal choir to be in Holy Orders, and also used his authority to exempt him from the usually severe entrance examination. These circumstances and the further fact that his voice was much inferior to those of the other singers, aroused the opposition, and antagonism of his fellow-members. The papal singers did not appreciate the object of the pope, which was to secure for the gifted young man the necessary leisure to compose. In the course of the same year, Palestrina published a volume of madrigals. The texts of some of these the composer himself in later years considered too free. In the dedication of his setting of the Canticle of Canticles to Gregory XIII, he expresses not only regret but repentance, for having caused scandal by this publication. Marcellus II, as cardinal, had protected and admired Palestrina, but died after a reign of only twenty-one days. Paul IV, shortly after his accession, re-inforced the former rules for the government of the papal choir. Besides Palestrina, there were two other lay married members in the choir. All were dismissed with a small pension, in spite of the understanding that these singers were engaged for life. The worry and hardship caused by the dismissal brought on a severe illness; restored, the composer took charge, 1 October, 1555, of the choir at St. John Lateran, where he remained until February, 1561. During this period he wrote, beside Lamentations and Magnificats, the famous Improperia. Their performance by the papal choir on Good Friday was ordered by Paul IV, and they have remained in its repertoire for Holy Week ever since. This production greatly increased Palestrina's fame. In 1561 he asked the chapter of St. John Lateran for an increase in salary, in view of his growing needs and the expense of publishing his works. Refused, he accepted a similar post at Santa Maria Maggiore, which he held until 1571. It is not know at what period of his career Palestrina came under the influence of St. Philip Neri, but there is every reason to believe it was in early youth. As the saint's penitent and spiritual disciple, he gained that insight into the spirit of the liturgy, which enabled his to set it forth in polyphonic music as it had never before been done. It was his spiritual formation even more than his artistic maturity, which fitted him for the providential part he played in the reform of church music. The task of hastening the reforms decreed by the Council of Trent was entrusted by Pius IV to a commission of eight cardinals.